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[Music]

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I

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[Music]

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for

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[Music]

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we are celebrating our 100th episode of

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Sputnik here at the science museum in

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London where they have a special

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exhibition on cosmonauts and we are

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going to enjoy a private viewing with

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the initiator and Creator dog Milad Mr

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Milad I understand that we're standing

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in front of the Russian Crown Jewel

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could you tell us more about it

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absolutely this is the actual spacecraft

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that took the first woman away from this

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planet this is Valentina terish K's VTO

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6 so one of the most important

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spacecraft on the planet at the moment

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terish kova spent three days in space

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she was strapped down to her ejector

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seat her couch and uh she got a terrible

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cramp cuz she couldn't move her

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spacecraft was orientated the wrong way

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around so she had to ask Mission Control

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to write it the uh the correct way

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otherwise she would have uh died in

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space so it was a it was a difficult

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Mission but very successful I understand

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it's even came to the launch of this

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exhibition how was it for her to be to

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see this she did indeed yes and uh she

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sees this occasionally in Moscow and

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every time she passes it she says she

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she Strokes it she says it's her

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favorite man and so where in Moscow is

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uh is this would this otherwise be well

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this is normally displayed uh it's a

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private collection in the aneria company

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so this is not open to the general

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public another reason why we're so

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fortunate and privileged to be able to

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show this to the public of UK and also

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all of our International visitors the

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response has been magnificent uh it's

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everything that we hoped it would be

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people realize that uh we are showing

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something that is very special it's all

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about Humanity's relationship with space

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it's something what transcends

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everything that goes on here on Earth

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it's it's very very popular so

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especially in the current political

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climate there is no you managed to

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overcome this cold war feeling toward

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Russia basically and the Soviet Union

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then sovet Union well we've been working

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on this for four years flat out and from

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the word go both governments have been

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extremely enthusiastic we couldn't have

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done it without the support that we

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received so this was something that we

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knew was going to be done it was written

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in the stars I

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[Music]

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suspect

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[Music]

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well this actually never made it but

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it's incredibly striking magnificent

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actually for someone of my age this is

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what the Space Age looked like this is

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what picture this landing on the lunar

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surface Maybe Lexi laying off coming

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down the steps history could have been

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different one giant step he might have

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said but in Russia I wouldn't have

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understood it at the

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time it is uh magnificent so one man

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would have been in there uh Why didn't

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it go what what happened what went wrong

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well they tested it in space and it was

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okay but the rocket that would have

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launched it to the Moon that had lots of

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problems so it was never launched to the

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Moon that was the main reason must have

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been a crushing disappointment how uh

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narrowly ahead were the Russians in the

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race at that time well in a way they

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were they were not managing to keep up

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uh because Apollo had so much money so

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the resources were directed and clear

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wasn't the case in the Soviet Union so

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you had all this amazing technology but

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it wasn't all knitted together and

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directed in a powerful Direction like

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Apollo was so in fact after Gagarin

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first man in space after the first woman

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in space first dogs in space uh so

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around 1962 63 did the Russians start

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falling behind the US what they were

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emphasizing were more headlines more

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first as you've just described meanwhile

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Kennedy had said we're going to go to

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the moon and the by the end of the

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decade by the end of the decade and they

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were quietly going about doing that so

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gradually they overtook the Soviets

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indeed so what's the public reaction I

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mean when I came in there I literally

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went wow it literally uh hit me in the

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face and not many things nowadays do is

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that the Normal public reaction

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absolutely and I remember the first time

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I saw this my reaction was exactly the

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same this was secret until glasnost

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under mik gorbachov 1989 we knew they

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were trying to get to the moon all those

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years earlier but we didn't know exactly

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how and then suddenly at the end of the

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' 80s we we started to see the

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technology we know that gagaran returned

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safely to Earth as did

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Valentina many people will be wondering

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what happened to the

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dogs well the first dog Leica didn't

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return but she never was going to return

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but many of the other dogs particularly

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those launched uh to trial UA garin's

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type of spacecraft they did come back

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successfully belker and strelka uh their

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successful return from orbit that

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signaled the um the goahead for the

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gagaran mission because then it was

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clear that biological life could ABS go

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there and come back that's

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[Music]

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right only the only a non-scientist like

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me would ask the first question that

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occurred to me as a kid how do they have

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a ah Walk This Way really oh my

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goodness this is actually the the full

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facilities for the near space station so

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that's the um fairly self-explanatory

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toilet the solid waste goes into that

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container there the urine goes via the

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hose into these canisters there's a pump

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towards the end which is driven it's

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electrical pump should that fail then

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you have a hand pump there to make sure

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you get everything from there into the

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right places the urine is then moved

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into another filtration unit recycled

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into to drinking water oh wow water W so

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it didn't get spread into space it's not

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orbiting around no they used to do that

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but no longer no longer well I can't

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believe you actually asked him that I

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mean he's the creator of uh the

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exhibition but I'm glad you did because

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I thought I was the only one who

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wondered that well it could have been

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worse I I could have asked him how

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Valentina managed for three days in that

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giant beach ball in which she was

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circling the earth but enough to humor

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there's a few laughs here I'm sorry to

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say gri took the camera and the famous

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red gloves onto the street outside and

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ask the people who was the first man in

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space in space yeah oh I know it's a as

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American I guess uh I don't know the

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name in space yeah who will it be yeah I

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know who was it who was it the president

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in

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space no idea oh my God I don't know I

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have no idea yeah uh NE Armstrong what

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about you the same I think the same the

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same answer yeah the first person in

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space Oh this is one of those trick

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questions no it's not well I I have to

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say I'm pretty rubbish with this stuff I

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know that Armstrong was one of the first

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he's probably not the first oh Buzz alen

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was it Buzz alen well I don't know maybe

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was it a

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Russian I'm guessing you got me spoiled

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it for you yes the Russian who is it y

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Yuri Garin yeah from Russia yes uh Yuri

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Garin was that uh Y no what a striking

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difference between the generations in

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Consciousness about the space

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exploration business one young man who

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knows everything there is to know is Anu

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oja OB Director of Education and space

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Communications at the National Space

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Center in Leicester what a job to have

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and how lucky are we that he's on board

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the Sputnik for Edition number 100 Anu

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thanks very much for joining us were you

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as struck as me by the fact that all the

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older people knew uh who the first man

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in space was and none of the younger

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people knew sounds like you've still got

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a bit of a job to do well first of all

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George thank you for inviting me it's a

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a real privilege to be here um I mean

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I'm I'm not as young you you did me a

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great service there you know I remember

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I'm part of that generation that

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remember remembered the final Landings

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on the moon in in in 1972 And although

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there is a bit of a generational split

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in in terms of maybe understanding the

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background of of the Space Age and where

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it was born from and what drove it um

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the fact remains that across the

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generations you know space is a unique

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Trope that seizes the imagination you

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know what human being has not looked up

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at the night sky at some stage and

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wondered you know who am I where am I

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why am I here and I think what space

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Sciences it's done and everything we've

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learned and benefited from from space

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resonates with everybody so I'm not

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surprised to see the footage that you

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you you you had with the various

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interviews but it also tells us what a

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powerful level of Interest we can

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solicit if we if we're informing them

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more about the background and about the

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significance of those those wonderful

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years in the 1960s and 1970s that really

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were The Crucible of the Space Age

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indeed uh a very great man long before

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that Oscar wild said we are all of us in

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the gutter but some of us are looking up

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at the

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stars indeed um the

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60s cuz I'm even older than you uh was a

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truly magical period if you think about

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it 59 you have the Sputnik you have

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Gagarin you have Valentina all of which

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is captured in this wonderful uh

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Exhibition at the science museum you

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have the Americans their pride slightly

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injured President Kennedy God Rest his

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soul uh promising that the Americans

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will reach the Moon by the end of the

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decade and indeed it happened most

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people think though that it's kind of

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stilled since then has

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it certainly in terms of Exploration

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with human beings you know the Pinnacle

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of what we've achieved as a species were

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were those wonderful missions between

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1968 and 1972 when 24 human beings

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became the only members of humanity to

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to reach another world and 12 of them

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walked on its surface because that's

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what the moon is an alien world on our

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doorstep but in terms of what we've done

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since then we've had space stations in

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space where human beings are living for

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months at a time including the

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International Space Station we've had

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satellites sent into space that have

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revolutionized our lives here on Earth

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you know I was the last of the

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generation that still had to wait for

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live media coverage from Special Events

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all over the world we now take the fact

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that we live in a global village for

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granted and it's only been possible by

275
00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:39,920
Earth's ring system of telecommunication

276
00:12:35,560 --> 00:12:39,920
satellites that have enabled the idea of

277
00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:48,000
almost I think what's really important

278
00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:50,199
is by having satellites in space looking

279
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:52,760
back at Earth we're getting a better

280
00:12:50,199 --> 00:12:55,360
understanding of our Earth its

281
00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:56,880
atmosphere the oceans and the potential

282
00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:59,839
effects of of human activity on the

283
00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:02,279
environment so space science is

284
00:12:59,839 --> 00:13:04,240
ingrained in all of our Lives space

285
00:13:02,279 --> 00:13:06,760
Services you know this data that we're

286
00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:08,760
getting are essential to the way we live

287
00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:10,839
our 21st century way of life and I

288
00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:13,079
suppose part of our major challenge is

289
00:13:10,839 --> 00:13:14,880
to make sure more people are aware of it

290
00:13:13,079 --> 00:13:17,120
and to make sure that we can keep

291
00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:19,680
pushing forwards in our desire to

292
00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:21,199
explore but also our desire to better

293
00:13:19,680 --> 00:13:24,959
understand our home planet hold those

294
00:13:21,199 --> 00:13:24,959
thoughts we'll be right back after

295
00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:32,600
this welcome back to Sputnik orbiting

296
00:13:30,399 --> 00:13:35,680
the world for the 100th time with me

297
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:38,839
George Galloway and gatri otherwise

298
00:13:35,680 --> 00:13:41,360
known as Mrs Gallow a 100 times we've

299
00:13:38,839 --> 00:13:43,600
orbited the world but we have never done

300
00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:46,800
so more interestingly than the

301
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:50,040
conversation I'm having now with Anu OA

302
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:52,440
OB the Director of Education and space

303
00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:54,680
Communications at the National Space

304
00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:57,040
Center in Leicester how's that for a

305
00:13:54,680 --> 00:13:59,560
title how's that for a job there's

306
00:13:57,040 --> 00:14:02,959
nothing this man doesn't know about

307
00:13:59,560 --> 00:14:07,560
space and the rest of us are fascinated

308
00:14:02,959 --> 00:14:11,759
still by it and the uh big question for

309
00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:14,000
me uh suppose it almost crosses the

310
00:14:11,759 --> 00:14:16,800
frontier into a philosophical question

311
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:19,199
rather than a purely scientific one but

312
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:21,800
I I know that you feel that this is a

313
00:14:19,199 --> 00:14:24,320
very special Planet indeed my question

314
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:27,519
is is it unique has there ever been a

315
00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:30,320
planet like us before if so what might

316
00:14:27,519 --> 00:14:33,000
have happened to it and will our planet

317
00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:35,959
always be as it is now what's your take

318
00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:38,800
on that a major Challenge and I I will

319
00:14:35,959 --> 00:14:41,279
try to to really keep my answers focused

320
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:43,120
in tightly um the more we learn about

321
00:14:41,279 --> 00:14:44,880
other planets in in our own solar system

322
00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,360
George the more we realize how special a

323
00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:48,079
place Earth is you know if I was an

324
00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:50,480
alien visitor coming from another solar

325
00:14:48,079 --> 00:14:52,440
system I would see Earth and be

326
00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:54,920
absolutely astonished here is a world

327
00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:56,519
teaming with life you know life on Earth

328
00:14:54,920 --> 00:14:58,000
for billions of years has changed the

329
00:14:56,519 --> 00:14:59,320
geology of our planet it's changed the

330
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,839
atmosphere of our planet it's it's led

331
00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:04,720
to this astonishing diversity that's

332
00:15:01,839 --> 00:15:09,399
ultimately led to to human civilization

333
00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:09,399
here are we unique we

334
00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:14,759
don't the way Earth is now has not

335
00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:18,240
always been the case if we go back in

336
00:15:14,759 --> 00:15:20,440
time 4 billion years we would see that

337
00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:22,560
the planet Mars was much more earthlike

338
00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:24,880
then it was warmer it was wetter it had

339
00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:27,320
a thicker atmosphere it had lakes rivers

340
00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:29,839
it had an ocean covering half of its

341
00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:32,639
hemisphere half of a the planet

342
00:15:29,839 --> 00:15:35,000
absolutely three so you know did life

343
00:15:32,639 --> 00:15:36,480
ever exist on Mars in the past we don't

344
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,639
know but it's one of the major

345
00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:40,639
Challengers that we're trying to to to

346
00:15:38,639 --> 00:15:42,079
Really address because at the moment

347
00:15:40,639 --> 00:15:44,319
although we are looking for life

348
00:15:42,079 --> 00:15:46,399
elsewhere in the universe the only place

349
00:15:44,319 --> 00:15:48,560
where we know with absolute certainty it

350
00:15:46,399 --> 00:15:50,920
has ever started is here on planet Earth

351
00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:53,199
and I I firmly believe that the

352
00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:55,720
discovery o of either evidence of past

353
00:15:53,199 --> 00:15:59,199
life somewhere else or evidence of

354
00:15:55,720 --> 00:16:01,720
current life will completely change not

355
00:15:59,199 --> 00:16:05,480
only the field of science but also

356
00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:07,759
perhaps our own perspectives on on human

357
00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:10,880
society and human culture religion

358
00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:14,959
everything everything would be affected

359
00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:17,680
uh by that as a matter I'm an

360
00:16:14,959 --> 00:16:20,959
undereducated man but it seems to me

361
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:23,959
that as a matter of logic out of all the

362
00:16:20,959 --> 00:16:26,720
planets in our solar system and all the

363
00:16:23,959 --> 00:16:29,519
solar systems that they there are that

364
00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:31,959
we know there are it just seems

365
00:16:29,519 --> 00:16:34,680
illogical that one tiny little planet

366
00:16:31,959 --> 00:16:37,519
would be the only one in which life had

367
00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:39,160
ever flourished what do you say to that

368
00:16:37,519 --> 00:16:40,920
well we we are looking elsewhere George

369
00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:43,839
and again within our solar system and in

370
00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:46,000
my lifetime we have discovered worlds

371
00:16:43,839 --> 00:16:48,319
where when I was a child if you had have

372
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,319
told me that this is a potential Target

373
00:16:48,319 --> 00:16:51,920
for us looking for life I would have

374
00:16:49,319 --> 00:16:53,079
said no way this is the way that science

375
00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:55,319
has changed our understanding of the

376
00:16:53,079 --> 00:16:58,600
universe in my lifetime so if I take one

377
00:16:55,319 --> 00:17:00,560
of Jupiter's moons Europa it's it's an

378
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:02,040
it ball about the size of our own moon

379
00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:04,600
but we we're pretty confident now that

380
00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:08,799
underneath this icy outer crust there is

381
00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:11,199
a salty ocean and in that salty ocean we

382
00:17:08,799 --> 00:17:13,799
may have the conditions for Life barely

383
00:17:11,199 --> 00:17:16,360
10 years ago similar circumstances were

384
00:17:13,799 --> 00:17:17,959
found in an even smaller Moon of Saturns

385
00:17:16,360 --> 00:17:20,400
a world called Enceladus that that's

386
00:17:17,959 --> 00:17:22,280
about the size of Wales you know when a

387
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:24,640
mission called the Cassini Mission it's

388
00:17:22,280 --> 00:17:27,160
a European NASA Mission flew by we saw

389
00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:28,960
these astonishing eruptions of of liquid

390
00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:32,240
water coming from from from out of its

391
00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:34,960
icy crust and so we are looking for life

392
00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:36,520
elsewhere in our own solar system we're

393
00:17:34,960 --> 00:17:38,360
not probably going to find complex

394
00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:40,559
organisms I could be wrong we're looking

395
00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:42,799
for microbial life but when we look

396
00:17:40,559 --> 00:17:46,240
further out you know even in our own

397
00:17:42,799 --> 00:17:49,200
galaxy The Milky Way we see a 100,000

398
00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:51,160
million other stars we've had missions

399
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:53,480
like the Kepler space telescope that's

400
00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:55,120
discovered thousands of other planets we

401
00:17:53,480 --> 00:17:57,360
call them exoplanets orbiting other

402
00:17:55,120 --> 00:18:00,559
stars again those discoveries hadn't

403
00:17:57,360 --> 00:18:04,480
been made five years ago so if I was to

404
00:18:00,559 --> 00:18:06,799
say Earth is unique um at the moment it

405
00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:10,240
is but I'm confident we are going to

406
00:18:06,799 --> 00:18:12,799
find unique only in our uh understanding

407
00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:16,760
exactly ditto the point you made uh

408
00:18:12,799 --> 00:18:19,400
about uh um conditions for life there

409
00:18:16,760 --> 00:18:21,039
are conditions for Life as We Know It

410
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:23,400
And we know those conditions and we know

411
00:18:21,039 --> 00:18:25,280
what life looks like uh but of course

412
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:28,120
there may be other forms of life that

413
00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:30,240
flourish in entirely different uh

414
00:18:28,120 --> 00:18:32,640
conditions but can I run a startat just

415
00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:35,919
past you that you just used I think you

416
00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:39,919
said there are thousands of millions of

417
00:18:35,919 --> 00:18:42,760
planets in our galaxy did you say so

418
00:18:39,919 --> 00:18:46,360
thousands of millions there are 100,000

419
00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:48,760
million stars in our galaxy uh we know

420
00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:50,080
just amongst the local ones well I say

421
00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,240
local I mean a few thousand light years

422
00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,200
away there are thousands of planets

423
00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:55,960
we've discovered now I talked about the

424
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:58,000
stars in our galaxy there are a 100,000

425
00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:59,559
million other galaxies in the universe

426
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,200
at least

427
00:18:59,559 --> 00:19:02,799
I've got so many questions I've got so

428
00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,919
many question to ask but I just want to

429
00:19:02,799 --> 00:19:06,919
tap on that light the Lightyear that you

430
00:19:04,919 --> 00:19:08,520
mentioned because this makes the whole

431
00:19:06,919 --> 00:19:10,760
exploration even more challenging

432
00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:12,240
because when you say light here the way

433
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,039
I understand it is when we look up at

434
00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:17,159
the stars we are actually looking at the

435
00:19:14,039 --> 00:19:18,600
future because at the past the past see

436
00:19:17,159 --> 00:19:20,720
there you go but it's it's difference

437
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:22,840
it's difference in time I mean that's

438
00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:25,559
quite a challenge as well I mean I it's

439
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:27,679
just too much to grasp yeah it's if we

440
00:19:25,559 --> 00:19:30,720
used the numbers in miles or kilometers

441
00:19:27,679 --> 00:19:30,720
we'd run out of zero

442
00:19:31,840 --> 00:19:38,080
if I could get a beam of to the and half

443
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:41,039
in a so what we do is we use how long it

444
00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:42,679
takes light to travel certain distances

445
00:19:41,039 --> 00:19:44,880
to give us a measure of distance so if I

446
00:19:42,679 --> 00:19:48,640
look at the Moon I'm seeing it as it was

447
00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:54,200
1 and a/4 seconds ago the sun 8 minutes

448
00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:57,000
Pluto 5 hours the next nearest star 4

449
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:59,240
years so if I compare 8 minutes to four

450
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,120
years I've got the distance to the sun

451
00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:02,720
to the next nearest star and this is

452
00:20:01,120 --> 00:20:06,880
where the concept of the light year

453
00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:09,559
comes in unbelievable as you gaze up at

454
00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:13,360
all of this literally and metaphorically

455
00:20:09,559 --> 00:20:15,880
as you do in your daily life is it your

456
00:20:13,360 --> 00:20:19,080
view that it's all an accident that it

457
00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:20,600
all just happened that all this came

458
00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,919
from

459
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:26,080
nothing to to be honest George I don't

460
00:20:22,919 --> 00:20:28,919
know um what I find incredibly powerful

461
00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:31,600
is that as human beings we can create an

462
00:20:28,919 --> 00:20:34,360
intellectual framework which can try to

463
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:36,720
model not only what we see but try to

464
00:20:34,360 --> 00:20:37,679
predict what will happen so science

465
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:39,440
Works in this way you can have a

466
00:20:37,679 --> 00:20:40,840
wonderful Theory but it remains a theory

467
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:43,840
until you get some evidence that either

468
00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:46,799
dis disproves you or supports your case

469
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:48,799
um what I find astonishing is when I

470
00:20:46,799 --> 00:20:50,480
look up at the night sky the number of

471
00:20:48,799 --> 00:20:52,320
other stars that are there you know

472
00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:53,720
there's a a fundamental calculation we

473
00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:55,919
can do with with with high school

474
00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,960
students that that that show with the

475
00:20:55,919 --> 00:20:58,240
some of the images we have from the

476
00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:59,919
Hubble Space Telescope that there are

477
00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:02,159
more stars in the universe than grains

478
00:20:59,919 --> 00:21:05,240
of sand on all the beaches of planet

479
00:21:02,159 --> 00:21:07,280
Earth now that is mindblowing definitely

480
00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:10,440
so one part of me says when I look out

481
00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:12,960
there surely there must be life then I

482
00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:15,799
ask myself well where did that life come

483
00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:18,679
from there are two ends of the spectrum

484
00:21:15,799 --> 00:21:22,559
there are some chemists who can talk

485
00:21:18,679 --> 00:21:22,559
about the possibility of how through

486
00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:29,880
random and um you know it'll probably

487
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:32,080
sound like I'm dodging the question but

488
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:34,240
I honestly don't have enough data to to

489
00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:36,919
go one way or the other but from my

490
00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:38,960
perspective I'm just astonished at at

491
00:21:36,919 --> 00:21:42,159
the diversity that we see in the

492
00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:43,799
universe and I suppose what myself and

493
00:21:42,159 --> 00:21:46,840
and and and other people are trying to

494
00:21:43,799 --> 00:21:49,200
do is is trying to understand why but

495
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:51,039
also it's significance for us now in the

496
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,320
way we live our lives here on

497
00:21:51,039 --> 00:21:57,640
Earth of course we could discuss for

498
00:21:53,320 --> 00:22:01,400
another day or five uh all of this um

499
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:04,880
Mars and my right in saying is the is

500
00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:08,799
the next big prize it's the next big

501
00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:13,480
planet that is as like us as we're going

502
00:22:08,799 --> 00:22:17,200
to find and therefore on which life may

503
00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:18,960
have once uh or even now uh be present

504
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:21,440
in terms of human space flight this is

505
00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:22,919
our long-term goal so in 3 weeks time

506
00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:24,480
and I think it's a wonderful example of

507
00:22:22,919 --> 00:22:26,760
international cooperation we we have a

508
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,520
British astronaut Tim Peak flying for

509
00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:30,440
the European Space Agency he's la

510
00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:33,000
launching with a Russian Commander Yuri

511
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:35,520
malenchenko uh and a NASA astronaut

512
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,919
Timothy copra launching from Kazakhstan

513
00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:38,120
on a Russian spacecraft to the

514
00:22:36,919 --> 00:22:41,159
International Space Station and they're

515
00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:43,600
going to spend five months in orbit so

516
00:22:41,159 --> 00:22:45,480
why do we do this because if we are to

517
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,880
go further in the solar system if we're

518
00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:48,600
ultimately to go to the planet Mars

519
00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:50,840
we're going to have a journey time away

520
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:52,600
from Earth not of months but of years

521
00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:54,760
and if we want to learn about how to

522
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:57,200
keep human beings alive in space for

523
00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:58,960
such a long period of Time how to have

524
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,760
the culture where human beings can deal

525
00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,360
with any inflight emergencies that may

526
00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,640
arise something like the International

527
00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:07,520
Space Station is absolutely key and and

528
00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:10,320
I'm confident that you know if we look

529
00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:12,360
ahead to the next 20 years you know

530
00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:15,080
right now in primary and secondary

531
00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:17,000
schools around the world there are a

532
00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:20,200
number of students including perhaps in

533
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:22,200
the United Kingdom who have no idea that

534
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:24,640
in 2025 years they're going to be part

535
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:26,559
of an international mission that will be

536
00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:28,960
the first human Mission to Mars and

537
00:23:26,559 --> 00:23:31,559
they'll be taking Humanity's next giant

538
00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:34,360
leaps um what they will find when they

539
00:23:31,559 --> 00:23:36,760
get there who knows perhaps we will

540
00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:38,679
answer ultimately by getting humans on

541
00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:40,840
Mars whether or not the planet ever had

542
00:23:38,679 --> 00:23:43,520
life and whether or not primitive life

543
00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:44,840
still exists below the surface so it's

544
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:48,440
it's it's a

545
00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:51,360
noble aspiration to go it is harnessing

546
00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:53,279
International cooperation But ultimately

547
00:23:51,360 --> 00:23:55,080
what I think it it's an expression of

548
00:23:53,279 --> 00:23:56,679
the human spirit because when we look

549
00:23:55,080 --> 00:23:59,120
back in in history George you know ever

550
00:23:56,679 --> 00:24:01,039
since humans left Africa 200,000 years

551
00:23:59,120 --> 00:24:04,080
ago we've had this urge to look over the

552
00:24:01,039 --> 00:24:06,720
horizon so I see human space exploration

553
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:09,640
as the ultimate expression of that drive

554
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:12,159
that's led to us as a species colonizing

555
00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:15,200
the world Anu you should be on the

556
00:24:12,159 --> 00:24:18,520
television inspiring future Generations

557
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:20,760
uh to take up this uh issue truly

558
00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:23,760
inspiring and and Brilliant thanks very

559
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:23,760
much for joining

560
00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:30,360
us well it's been a 100 shows we've had

561
00:24:27,720 --> 00:24:33,399
everybody orbiting the world on Sputnik

562
00:24:30,360 --> 00:24:35,760
with us conservatives labor liberal

563
00:24:33,399 --> 00:24:39,320
Democrats members of the House of Lords

564
00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:42,640
House of Commons obes MBE past

565
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:45,640
presidents even one serving president

566
00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:47,840
but we asked on the social media who was

567
00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:50,399
your favorite guest what was rattling

568
00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:52,960
gri well we've got lots of response on

569
00:24:50,399 --> 00:24:55,559
that big question of course they have 99

570
00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:58,679
shows so lots and lots of guests David

571
00:24:55,559 --> 00:25:01,480
Thomas says mentions Patrick Coburn very

572
00:24:58,679 --> 00:25:03,679
fair and Le Jasper but your guests on

573
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:06,679
the whole in my opinion contribute

574
00:25:03,679 --> 00:25:09,159
illumination and learning Ricardo picoso

575
00:25:06,679 --> 00:25:11,720
says never a forgetful episode but

576
00:25:09,159 --> 00:25:13,840
Sheamus Mill is always a good guest the

577
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:15,960
right-wing media are busily digging up

578
00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:17,440
his appearances on here see if they got

579
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:20,120
anything they can use against Jeremy

580
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:22,520
Corbin yeah I know and Joe says David

581
00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:24,720
Norris he was superb and that's all that

582
00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:27,399
we've got time for this week which alas

583
00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:29,480
means that's the end of the 100th show

584
00:25:27,399 --> 00:25:32,559
stay in touch with us for the next 100

585
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:35,039
shows on Twitter at rtor Sputnik or on

586
00:25:32,559 --> 00:25:37,880
Facebook Sputnik on Russia today it's

587
00:25:35,039 --> 00:25:41,679
goodbye this time for me gri and from me

588
00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:41,679
George Galloway it's really been

589
00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:57,880
marvelous